Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro ovicidal activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) and their subfractions (AvR5-AvR14) against Haemonchus contortus using the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test. The EtOAc-E and subfractions were tested at 0.12-2.00 and at 0.015-2.0 mg/mL, respectively. Distilled water and methanol (2%) were used as negative controls and Thiabendazole (0.10 mg/mL) as a positive control. Treatments with a dependent effect on concentration were subjected to regression analysis to determine the effective concentrations (EC50 and EC90). The major secondary compounds present in the extract and subfractions were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The EtOAc-E and AvR9 exhibited the best ovicidal effect recording 97.5 and 100% of EHI at 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The EtOAc-E and AvR9 displayed an EC50= 0.12 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. The HPLC analysis in the EtOAc-E and bioactive fractions indicated the presence of a polyphenol, glycosylated flavanones, quercetin glucoside, cinnamates, coumarin, cinnamic acid derivative, ferulic acid, coumarate, naringenin, protocatechuic acid and naringin. Results demonstrated that A. vaginatum extract and fraction is able to inhibit the egg hatch process of H. contortus and could be a viable option for the control of small ruminant haemonchosis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade ovicida in vitro de um extrato de acetato de etila de Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) e suas subfrações (AvR5-AvR14) contra Haemonchus contortus, utilizando-se o teste de inibição da eclosão de ovos (EHI). O extrato foi testado em 0.12-2.00 mg/mL, e as subfrações foram testadas em 0.15-2.0 mg/mL. Água destilada e metanol (2%) foram utilizados como controles negativos e Tiabendazol (0.10 mg/mL) como controle positivo. Os tratamentos com efeito concentração dependente foram submetidos à análise de regressão para determinação das concentrações efetivas (CE50 e CE90). Os principais compostos secundários, presentes no extrato e nas subfrações, foram identificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). EtOAc-E e subfração AvR9 exibiram o melhor efeito ovicida, registrando-se 97.5 e 100% do EHI a 0.25 mg/mL, respectivamente. O EtOAc-E e AvR9 apresentaram CE50= 0,12 e 0,08 mg/mL, respectivamente. A análise por HPLC nas frações EtOAc-E e bioativas indicou a presença de um polifenol, flavanonas glicosiladas, glicosídeo de quercetina, cinamatos, cumarina, derivado de ácido cinâmico, ácido ferúlico, cumarato, naringenina, ácido protocatecuico e naringina. Os resultados demonstraram que extrato e frações de A. vaginatum são capazes de inibir o processo de eclosão dos ovos de H. contortus, podendo ser uma opção viável para o controle da hemoncose em pequenos ruminantes.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the nematocidal effect of four hydroalcoholic extracts (HAE) of Brosimum alicastrum (HAE-Ba), Guazuma ulmifolia (HAE-Gu), Erythrina americana (HAE-Ea) and Leucaena leucocephala (HAE-Ll) against Haemonchus contortus. The tests of egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval (infective larvae) mortality were used. The treatments were HAEs at concentrations of 6.25-50 mg/mL for EHI and 25-100 mg/mL for larval mortality, ivermectin (5 mg/mL, positive control) and distilled water (negative control). Data were analyzed using an ANOVA and treatments with a concentration-dependent effect were subjected to a regression analysis to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90). In addition, a phytochemical analysis was performed on the extracts to identify the presence of the main secondary metabolites. The best ovicidal and larvicidal activity was observed in HAE-Gu with 96.78 % EHI at 6.25 mg/mL and 57.2 % larval mortality at 75 mg/mL. Followed by HAE-Ba showing 90 % EHI at 6.25 mg/mL and 58.0 % larval mortality at 75 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 of HAE-Gu on EHI were 2.7 and 4.4 mg/mL, respectively. While the LCs of this same extract on larvae were LC50= 64 and LC90= 125 mg/mL. The phytochemical analysis indicates that all extracts contain tannins, coumarins, flavonoids and terpenes. The fodder species G. ulmifolia and E. americana could be candidate plants for the control of H. contortus.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto nematicida de cuatro extractos hidroalcohólicos (EHA) de Brosimum alicastrum (EHA-Ba), Guazuma ulmifolia (EHA-Gu), Erythrina americana (EHA-Ea) y Leucaena leucocephala (EHA-Ll) contra Haemonchus contortus. Se usaron las pruebas de inhibición de la eclosión de huevos (IEH) y mortalidad larval (larvas infectantes). Los tratamientos fueron los EHA´s a concentraciones de 6.25-50 mg/ml para IEH y de 25-100 mg/ml para mortalidad larval, ivermectina (5 mg/ml, control positivo) y agua destilada (control negativo). Los datos se analizaron mediante un ANOVA y los tratamientos con efecto dependiente a la concentración se sometieron a un análisis de regresión para determinar las concentraciones letales (CL50 y CL90). Además, se realizó un análisis fitoquímico a los extractos para identificar la presencia de los principales metabolitos secundarios. La mejor actividad ovicida y larvicida fue observada en EHA-Gu con un 96.78 % de IEH a 6.25 mg/ml y 57.2 % de mortalidad larval a 75 mg/ml. Seguido de EHA-Ba mostrando 90 % IEH a 6.25 mg/ml y un 58.0 % de mortalidad larval a 75 mg/ml. Las CL50 y CL90 del EHA-Gu sobre la IEH fueron 2.7 y 4.4 mg/ml, respectivamente. Mientras que las CL´s de este mismo extracto sobre larvas fue de CL50=64 y CL90=125 mg/ml. El análisis fitoquímico indica que todos los extractos contienen taninos, cumarinas, flavonoides y terpenos. Las especies forrajeras G. ulmifolia y E. americana podrían ser plantas candidatas para el control de H. contortus.

RESUMEN Haemonchus contortus (HC) es un nematodo gastrointestinal de importancia mundial debido a las pérdidas económicas que causa de forma directa e indirecta en la producción ovina. Los extractos de plantas ricos en metabolitos secundarios se han propuesto como un método alternativo de control de nematodos gastrointestinales en ovinos y caprinos, ya que cumplen con su función biológica y un acompañamiento ambiental sustentable. El objetivo del presente experimento fue determinar el efecto del extracto hidroalcohólico de hojas de Leucaena leucocephala (EHLL) sobre la eclosión de Haemonchus contortus in vitro. El extracto se obtuvo mediante la técnica de maceración y fue sometido a una caracterización fitoquímica cualitativa, en la cual se identificaron instauraciones, oxidrilos fenólicos, lactonas, flavonoles, florataninos, cumarinas, saponinas y compuestos aromáticos. Se evaluaron concentraciones de 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 y 50 mg/mL del extracto sobre la inhibición de la eclosión de huevo (IEH) de Haemonchus contortus. El extracto hidroalcohólico de L. leucocephala mostró 71% de IEH a 100 mg/mL, una CE50 y CE90 de 52.22 y 302 mg/mL respectivamente. El extracto hidroalcohólico de hojas de Leucaena leucocephala contiene compuestos bioactivos (fenólicos, terpenos y flavonoides) que inhiben la eclosión de huevos de HC con efecto dosis dependiente. Por lo tanto, el EHLL podría ser considerado como una alternativa de control sobre este nematodo, sin embargo, es necesario determinar el metabolito especifico que confiere la actividad, determinar su toxicidad y realizar ensayos in vivo.

ABSTRACT Haemonchus contortus (HC) is a gastrointestinal nematode of worldwide importance due to the economic losses it causes directly and indirectly in sheep production. Plant extracts rich in secondary metabolites have been proposed as an alternative method of gastrointestinal nematode control in sheep and goats, as they fulfill their biological function and a sustainable environmental accompaniment. The objective of the present experiment was to determine the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Leucaena leucocephala leaves (HELL) on the hatching of Haemonchus contortus in vitro. The extract was obtained by the maceration technique and was subjected to qualitative phytochemical characterization, in which instaurations, phenolic oxydryls, lactones, flavonols, floratanins, coumarins, saponins and aromatic compounds were identified. Concentrations of 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50 mg/mL of the extract were evaluated on the inhibition of egg hatching (IEH) of HC. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. leucocephala showed 71% IEH at 100 mg/mL, an EC50 and EC90 of 52.22 and 302 mg/mL, respectively. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. leucocephala leaves contains bioactive compounds (phenolics, terpenes and flavonoids) that inhibit HC egg hatching with dose-dependent effect. Therefore, HELL could be considered as an alternative control on this nematode, however, it is necessary to determine the specific metabolite that confers the activity, determine its toxicity and perform in vivo trials.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing the maintenance diet of Boer goat kids with Acacia cochliacantha leaves. The endpoints evaluated were Haemonchus contortus fecal egg count (FEC) and water and dry matter intake. Two experimental treatments were evaluated on ten recently weaned goat kids (16.850 ± 1.630 kg of initial live weight and three months of age) experimentally infested with H. contortus larvae (L3) (350 larvae per live weight kilogram). Treatment 1 (T1) served as the control and consisted of infested animals without diet supplementation with A. cochliacantha leaves. Treatment 2 (T2) consisted of infested animals fed diets supplemented with 5% of A. cochliacantha leaves. Animals were grouped from highest to lowest based on their FEC. The two animals groups with the highest values were randomly assigned to T1 or T2; this was repeated until completing five repetitions per treatment. The evaluated variables were: FEC (per gram of feces), water intake, and dry matter intake (DMI). The results show that goat kids fed diets with 5% of A. cochliacantha leaves have lower (P<0.05) FEC than the control. There were no significant differences in water intake and DMI (g d-1) between treatments. This study demonstrates the anthelmintic activity of diets supplemented with A. cochliacantha leaves in goat kids. Thus, this arboreal legume could represent a viable option for the comprehensive management of the nematodiasis of growing Boer goat kids.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de hojas de Acacia cochliacantha en una dieta de mantenimiento para cabritos de la raza Boer en el conteo fecal de huevos (CFH) de Haemonchus contortus, consumo de agua y materia seca. Diez cabritos recién destetados (16.850 ± 1.630 kg de peso vivo inicial y 3 meses de edad), fueron experimentalmente infestados con larvas (L3) de H. contortus (350 larvas por kilogramo de peso vivo), para probar dos tratamientos: T1: testigo (animales infectados con larvas L3 de H. contortus, sin inclusión de hojas de A. cochliacantha) y T2: animales infectados con larvas L3 de H. contortus, con inclusión de 5% hojas de A. cochliacantha en la dieta. Antes de asignar los tratamientos a los animales, se realizó un CFH por gramos de heces en cada uno de ellos y de esta manera agruparlos de mayor a menor en relación a la cantidad de huevos presentes en las heces, en los dos animales con valores más altos se asignaron aleatoriamente T1 o T2 y así sucesivamente hasta completar cinco repeticiones verdaderas para cada tratamiento. Las variables medidas fueron: CFH (por gramo de heces), consumo de agua y consumo de materia seca (CMS). Los resultados encontrados demostraron reducción (P<0.05) en el CFH de H. contortus en los cabritos donde se incluyó el 5% de hojas de A. cochliacantha en su dieta. Para el consumo de agua y CMS (g día-1) no existieron diferencias entre tratamientos (P> 0.05). Se concluye que la adición de hojas de A. cochliacantha en dietas para cabritos tienen actividad antihelmíntica, por lo que esta leguminosa arbórea podría representar una opción en el manejo integral de la nematodiasis de cabritos Boer en crecimiento.

Abstract Nematode parasites are an ongoing challenge in livestock production. Pharmaceutical anthelmintics are effective but pose their own risks. This is an overview of nematodiasis in small ruminants in Mexico focusing on the main problems faced by producers to maintain productivity. It includes general information on gastrointestinal nematodes and their effects on animal health and productivity. It also summarizes the main challenges faced by livestock producers in combating these parasites and current control and prevention strategies, including pharmaceuticals, anthelmintic resistance, grazing management, selective deworming, protein nutritional strategy, vaccination, and selection of animals genetically resistant to nematodes. The potential use of plants and compounds with nematocidal activity, and nematophagous fungi as biological control agents are also covered. Research by the Helminthology Department of the CENID-SAI of the INIFAP is highlighted, and a comprehensive nematode control method is proposed that targets different control strategies at specific nematode developmental stages. Controlling nematodiasis in small ruminants is vital to the success of production systems since it negatively affects animal health and producer results. Continued development of new nematode control options holds promise for successful long-term management of this disease.

Resumen En esta revisión se presenta un panorama general de las nematodosis en pequeños rumiantes en México; así como los principales problemas que enfrentan los productores para mantener su actividad productiva. Del mismo modo, se muestra información general sobre las nematodosis gastrointestinales y sus efectos en la salud animal y en la productividad. Por otra parte, se analizan los principales retos o desafíos que se enfrenta el sector pecuario para contrarrestar estas importantes enfermedades, haciendo énfasis en las distintas estrategias de control y prevención incluyendo la quimioterapia, resistencia antihelmíntica, manejo del pastoreo, desparasitación selectiva, estrategia nutricional proteica, vacunación, selección de animales genéticamente resistentes a los nematodos, el uso de plantas y compuestos con actividad nematicida; así como los resultados más recientes en cuanto al uso de hongos nematófagos como agentes de control biológico, entre otras herramientas de control. En este trabajo se hace mención a importantes resultados obtenidos en la investigación generada en el Área de Helmintología del CENID-SAI del INIFAP y se plantea como perspectiva el establecimiento de un método integral de control de estas enfermedades a las distintas fases de desarrollo de los parásitos como “blancos” de ataque hacia dónde dirigir las estrategias de control, a los diferentes estadios evolutivos de estos parásitos, con lo que se esperan los mejores resultados contra este grupo de parásitos que tanto afectan a la salud de los rebaños y a la economía de los productores.

Abstract The ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from mature fruits and dried leaves of the Caesalpinia coriaria tree, against Haemonchus contortus and H. placei was evaluated by the egg hatching inhibition test (EHIT). Secondary compounds within the extracts were identified by high performance liquid chromatography. Five extract concentrations were assessed in the inhibition tests (25.0, 12.5, 6.2, 3.1 and 1.5 mg/mL), using distilled water and Thiabendazole (0.5 mg/mL) as negative and positive controls, respectively. The results were analysed under a 2 × 2 × 6 completely randomized factorial design, and mean differences were established by the Tukey’s post hoc test. The 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) effective concentrations for each extract were determined using a Probit analysis. A concentration-dependent ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from both leaves and fruits was observed, reaching a 100% efficacy against both nematode species with the 25.0 mg/mL concentration (p < 0.05). The EC50 for the fruit and leaves extracts were established as 1.63 and 3.91 mg/mL, and as 3.98 and 11.68 mg/mL, against H. contortus and H. placei, respectively. The most important secondary compounds identified in extracts were free-condensed tannins, gallic acid and methylgallate. In conclusion, hydro-alcoholic extracts from C. coriaria mature fruits and dried leaves inhibit in vitro egg hatching of H. contortus and H. placei.

Resumo Fungos nematófagos das fezes de búfalo de água e do solo no sudeste do México foram isolados, e a atividade predatória in vitro contra larvas infectantes de Haemonchus contortus (L3) (HcL3) foi avaliada.Os fungos foram isolados por aspersão de solo e de fezes em placas de agar água. Foram preparadas seis séries de 10 placas de Petri contendo uma cultura de 7 dias de idade de cada fungo e uma série sem fungos como controle. Quinhentos HcL3 foram adicionadas a cada placa. As placas foram incubadas à temperatura ambiente. O número médio de HcL3 recuperadas foi considerado para estimar a taxa de redução larval. Quatro isolados de fungos nematófagos corresponderam a Arthrobotrys oligospora, var microspora (estirpes 4-276, 269 e 50-80) e um isolado identificado como A. oligospora, var. oligospora (isolados 48-80 de fezes de búfalo de água. Do solo, dos cinco isolados três corresponderam a A. musiformis (Bajío, Yumca e Macuspana isolados), e dois isolados foram identificados como A. oligospora (isolados de Comalcalco e Jalapa de Méndez). A atividade predatória de isolados de fezes de búfalo de água variou entre 85,9 e 100%. Enquanto isso, os fungos do solo variaram entre 55,5 e 100% (p≤0,05). Os fungos nematófagos obtidos podem ter importantes implicações nesse controle de parasitos de importância na indústria pecuária.

Abstract Nematophagous fungi from the feces of water buffalo and soil from southeastern Mexico were isolated, and their in vitro predatory activity against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3) (HcL3) was assessed. The fungi were isolated by sprinkling soil or feces on water agar plates. Six series of 10 Petri dishes containing a 7-day-old culture of each fungus and a series without fungi as the control were prepared. Five hundred HcL3 were added to each plate. The plates were incubated at room temperature. The average of recovered HcL3 was considered to estimate the larval reduction rate. Four nematophagous fungi isolates corresponding to Arthrobotrys oligospora, var microspora (strains 4-276, 269 and 50-80) and one identified as A. oligospora,var. oligospora (isolates 48-80) were obtained from water buffalo feces. From the soil, five isolates were isolated; three corresponded to A. musiformis (Bajío, Yumca and Macuspana isolates), and two isolates were identified as A. oligospora (Comalcalco and Jalapa de Méndez isolates). The predatory activity of isolates from water buffalo feces ranged between 85.9 and 100%. Meanwhile, the fungi from the soil ranged between 55.5 and 100% (p≤0.05). The nematophagous fungi obtained could have important implications in the control of parasites of importance in the livestock industry.

A collection of 19 Urochloa brizantha accessions was studied, in association with Stylosanthes guianensis on a soil characterized by acidity, in order to select the best ones for this soil type. The measured and estimated variables were: vegetative height, availability and non-consumed pasture residue. In addition, leafiness, cover, vigor, CP content, fiber (NDF and ADF) degradation and IVDMD, were determined. The interpretation of the results was done through principal component analysis; and for grouping the associations and selecting those that had similar characteristics, cluster analysis was used. The existence of a high accumulated variability (75,9 %) was detected in the first four components. When analyzing the agronomic and nutritional value performance, after three years of exploitation, the formation of six groups was identified; the associations in which the accessions that form group II were present (CIAT-16335 and CIAT-26646) stood out, reaching the highest values in height, availability and utilization, as well as high vigor and high CP contents and IVDMD. These associations that included the accessions that belonged to group II (CIAT-16335 and CIAT-26646) were present showed the best performance, when making an overall analysis of agronomic and nutritional value variables. It is recommended to study structural and floristic composition variables, as well as the seed production potential, in order to propose a pre-commercial variety for the agroecosystems with acid soil.

Se estudió una colección de 19 accesiones de Urochloa brizantha, en asociación con Stylosanthes guianensis en un suelo caracterizado por la acidez, con el objetivo de seleccionar las mejores para este tipo de suelo. Las variables medidas y estimadas fueron: la altura vegetativa, la disponibilidad y el residuo de pasto no consumido. Además, se determinó la hojosidad, la cobertura, el vigor, el contenido de PB, la degradación de la fibra (FND y FAD) y la DIVMS. La interpretación de los resultados se realizó a través de análisis de componentes principales, y para agrupar las asociaciones y seleccionar aquellas que tuviesen características semejantes se utilizó el análisis de conglomerados. Se constató la existencia de una alta variabilidad acumulada (75,9 %) en las primeras cuatro componentes. Al analizar el comportamiento agronómico y del valor nutricional, después de tres años de explotación, se identificó la formación de seis grupos; se destacaron las asociaciones en donde estuvieron presentes las accesiones que forman el grupo II (CIAT-16335 y CIAT-26646), las cuales alcanzaron los mayores valores en altura, disponibilidad y utilización, así como alto vigor y elevados contenidos de PB y DIVMS. Estas asociaciones donde estuvieron presentes las accesiones que pertenecieron al grupo II (CIAT-16335 y CIAT-26646) mostraron el mejor comportamiento, al hacer un análisis en conjunto de las variables agronómicas y del valor nutricional Se recomienda estudiar variables estructurales y de la composición florística, así como el potencial de producción de semilla, con el fin de proponer una variedad precomercial para los agroecosistemas con suelo ácido.

Abstract: Currently, the use of medicinal plants has become an alternative for treatment and control of diseases in both veterinary and human medicine. Recent studies have reported that secondary metabolites present in all plants have effects on production and animal health as they have bactericidal or bacteriostatic, anthelmintic (tannins and saponins), anticancer, antioxidant and immunostimulant (phenolic compounds, alkaloid saponins, and terpenes) effects; and for their content of secondary metabolites they have been proposed as an alternative in animal feed because can increase productive and reproductive parameters. The presence or absence of these effects depends on the kind of plant, the content of secondary metabolites, the kind of secondary metabolite and the quantity and the frequency in which they are consumed. The aim of the present review was to carry out a bibliography search of the main secondary metabolites of plants with antimicrobial and over gastrointestinal nematodes activity, reported in Veterinary Medicine

Resumen: En la actualidad el uso de plantas medicinales se ha convertido en una alternativa para el tratamiento y control de enfermedades tanto en medicina veterinaria como en medicina humana. En estudios recientes se ha reportado que los metabolitos secundarios presentes en la mayoría de las plantas ejercen efectos a nivel productivo y de salud; ya que poseen efectos bactericidas o bacteriostáticos, antihelmíntico (taninos y saponinas), anticancerígeno, antioxidante e inmunoestimulante (compuestos fenólicos, saponinas alcaloides y terpenos); e incluso gracias a su contenido de metabolitos secundarios se han propuesto como parte de la alimentación en animales debido a que pueden mejorar parámetros productivos y reproductivos. La presencia o ausencia de estos efectos dependerá del tipo de planta, tipo de metabolito secundario y la cantidad y frecuencia con la que se consuman. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica de los principales metabolitos secundarios de plantas con actividades antimicrobianas y sobre nematodos gastrointestinales, reportadas en Medicina Veterinaria.

Abstract: Forty French Alpine goats (39.3 ± 2.0 kg PVI, first calf) were used under a completely randomized desing to evaluate the effects of two sources of fodder on their diet: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (T1) and alfalfa + maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum purpureum Var CT-115) (T2) on the productive response, quality and fatty acids profile of the milk on the first third of the lactating period (60 d). The consumption of dry matter (CDM) was similar (p > 0.05) for both groups. The goats that received T1 produced 0.52 kg more milk (p < 0.01), without a significant effect in fat and lactose. T2 showed more concentration of protein, total solids, density and non fat solids. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) had a tendency to be greater (p = 0.07) in T1, in particular the caprylic acid increased (p < 0.05). On the other hand, both the long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) as well as the mono-unsaturated fatty acids were greater (p < 0.05) in T2. The linoleic acid was lower (p < 0.01) in T2, which was reflected in a greater (p < 0.05) concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The inclusion of maralfalfa grass in the diet of the French Alpine milk goats has a positive effect on the quality and fatty acids profile, such as the conjugated linoleic acid, which has shown to have beneficial effects on nutrition and human health.

Resumen: Cuarenta cabras Alpino Francés (39.3 ± 2.0 kg PVI, primer parto) fueron usadas bajo un diseño completamente al azar para evaluar el efecto de dos fuentes de forraje en la dieta: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (T1) y alfalfa + maralfalfa (Pennisetum purpureum Var CT-115) (T2) sobre la respuesta productiva, calidad y perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche de cabra en el primer tercio de la lactación (60 d). El consumo de materia seca (CMS) fue similar (p > 0.05) para ambos grupos. Las cabras que recibieron el T1, produjeron 0.52 kg más de leche (p < 0.01), sin efecto significativo en el contenido de grasa y lactosa;T2 presentó mayor (p < 0.5) consentración de proteínas, sólidos totales, densidad y sólidos no grasos. La concentración de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) tendió a ser mayor (p = 0.07) en T1, de manera particular aumentó el caprírico (p < 0.05). Por otra parte, tanto los ácidos grasos de cadena larga (AGCL), como los ácidos grasos mono insaturados fueron mayores (p < 0.05) en T2. El ácido linoleico fue menor (p < 0.01) en T2, lo cual se reflejó en una mayor (p < 0.05) concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado (ALC). La inclusión de maralfalfa en la dieta de cabras lecheras Alpino Francés, tiene un efecto positivo en la calidad y perfil de ácidos grasos, como el ácido linoleico conjugado, el cual ha demostrado tener efecto benéficos en la nutrición y salud humana.

The nutritional value of a basal diet for sheep supplemented with different levels of free condensed tannins (FCT) from Lysiloma acapulcensis (T0 = 0; T1 = 2.5; T2 = 5.0 y T3 = 7.5 g d-1) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The degradation kinetics of the substrate was determined in vitro using the technique of gas production, while the concentration of N-NH3 and the population of ruminal protozoa were established in vivo. Data was analyzed with a completely randomized and a Latin square design, respectively. The maximum rate of gas produced to the asymptote (phase b) was lower (p < 0.05) in treatment T1, while treatments T2 and T3 showed the lowest values (p < 0.05). The short-chain fatty acid content (SCFAC) and the metabolizable energy (ME) were reduced in the treatments containing FCTL (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility of raw protein (ADRP) in vivo was greater in T2 (79.4 %, p < 0.05). The concentration of N-NH3 showed a quadratic behavior (p < 0.05) during the first postprandial hours. The protozoa population was greater (p < 0.5) in the animals receiving FCT. The addition of FCT improves ADRP, increases the levels of N-NH3 and decreases AGCC and ME, stimulating the growth of ruminal protozoa.

Se evaluó in vitro e in vivo el valor nutricional de una dieta basal para ovinos adicionada con diferentes niveles de taninos condensados libres de Lysiloma acapulcensis (TCL) (T0 = 0; T1 = 2.5; T2 = 5.0 y T3 = 7.5 g d-1). In vitro se determinó la cinética de degradación del sustrato mediante la técnica de producción de gas e in vivo la concentración de N-NH3 y población de protozoarios ruminales. Los datos se analizaron mediante diseño completamente al azar y cuadrado latino, respectivamente. La tasa máxima de gas producido hasta alcanzar la asíntota (fase b) fue menor (p < 0.05) en el T1 mientras que en la tasa fraccional de gas producido (%/h; fase c) los tratamientos T2 y T3 fueron los que presentaron los valores más bajos (p < 0.05). El contenido de ácidos grasos de cadena corta (AGCC) y la energía metabolizable (EM), se redujo en los tratamientos que contenían TCL (p < 0.05). La digestibilidad aparente in vivo de la proteína cruda (DAPC) fue mayor en T2 (79.4 %, p < 0.05). La concentración de N-NH3 mostró un comportamiento cuadrático (p < 0.05) durante las primeras horas postpandriales. La población de protozoarios fue mayor (p < 0.5) en los animales que recibieron TCL. La adición TCL mejoró la DAPC, aumentaron los niveles de N-NH3 y disminuyeron los AGCC y la EM, estimulando el crecimiento de protozoarios ruminales.